06、C# 设计模式-单例模式

单例模式(Singleton Pattern)

单例模式属于创建型模式,保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个访问它的全局访问点。

一个类有且仅有一个实例,并且自行实例化向整个系统提供。

角色:

1、 单例类(Singleton);

保证唯一并提供全局访问点的单例类。

 

命名空间SingletonPattern中包含7个单例类,本案例将介绍这7种常见的单例实现方法。

namespace SingletonPattern
public sealed class Singleton {

    private static Singleton _instance = null;

    public static Singleton GetInstance() {
        if(_instance == null) {
            _instance = new Singleton();
            Console.WriteLine("Singleton.GetInstance()!");
        }
        return _instance;
    }

}

最常见的单例类,但是无法保证线程安全。因为首次运行时,n个线程可同时到达if(_instance == null),导致_instance可能会被多初始化n-1次(有1次是需要初始化的)。在_instance被初始化之后新启动的线程不会使该情况重现。

public sealed class SingletonSafe {

    private static SingletonSafe _instance = null;

    private static readonly object _lock = new object();

    public static SingletonSafe GetInstance() {
        lock (_lock) {
            if (_instance == null) {
                _instance = new SingletonSafe();
                Console.WriteLine("SingletonSafe.GetInstance()!");
            }
        }
        return _instance;
    }

}

使用私有静态object类型的锁(微软推荐),lock关键字会占有该锁,之后请求该锁的其它线程必需等待其释放才能进入。该方法可实现线程安全的单例模式,但是锁属于昂贵资源,“占有锁”和“释放锁”都比较耗时,并会在一定程度上阻止其它线程的执行,会显著影响程序的并发性,所以有了下面的优化。

public sealed class SingletonSafe2 {

    private static SingletonSafe2 _instance = null;

    private static readonly object _lock = new object();

    public static SingletonSafe2 GetInstance() {
        if (_instance == null) {
            lock (_lock) {
                if (_instance == null) {
                    _instance = new SingletonSafe2();
                    Console.WriteLine("SingletonSafe2.GetInstance()!");
                }
            }
        }
        return _instance;
    }

}

通过优先使用if (_instance == null)这种耗费资源较少的比较来决定是否进入锁,可大幅度提高性能。因为_instance不为null时,直接返回即可。

public sealed class SingletonLazy {

    private static readonly Lazy<SingletonLazy> _instance =
        new Lazy<SingletonLazy>(() => {
            Console.WriteLine("SingletonLazy.GetInstance()!");
            return new SingletonLazy();
        });

    public static SingletonLazy GetInstance() {
        return _instance.Value;
    }

}

带泛型的Lazy式单例实现,这是线程安全的,仅提供给大家参考。

public sealed class SingletonReadOnly {

    private static readonly SingletonReadOnly _instance =
        new SingletonReadOnly();

    public SingletonReadOnly() {
        Console.WriteLine("SingletonReadOnly.GetInstance()!");
    }

    public static SingletonReadOnly GetInstance() {
        return _instance;
    }

}

静态只读式单例实现(由运行时保证唯一),这是线程安全的,仅提供给大家参考。

public abstract class SingletonGenericBase<T> where T : class, new() {

    private static T _instance = null;

    private static readonly object _lock = new object();

    public static T GetInstance() {
        if (_instance == null) {
            lock (_lock) {
                if (_instance == null) {
                    _instance = new T();
                    Console.WriteLine("SingletonGeneric.GetInstance()!");
                }
            }
        }
        return _instance;
    }

}

public sealed class SingletonGeneric : SingletonGenericBase<Singleton> {

    public SingletonGeneric() { }

}

复杂的泛型实现,这是线程安全的,仅提供给大家参考。

public abstract class SingletonGenericBase2<T> where T : class {

    private static readonly Lazy<T> _instance = new Lazy<T>(() => {
        var ctors = typeof(T).GetConstructors(
            BindingFlags.Instance
            | BindingFlags.NonPublic
            | BindingFlags.Public);

        if (ctors.Count() != 1)
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                String.Format("Type {0} must have exactly one constructor.",
                              typeof(T)));

        var ctor = ctors.SingleOrDefault(
            c => !c.GetParameters().Any() && c.IsPrivate);

        if (ctor == null)
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                String.Format("The constructor for {0} must be private and take no parameters.",
                              typeof(T)));

        Console.WriteLine("SingletonGeneric2.GetInstance()!");
        return (T)ctor.Invoke(null);
    });

    public static T GetInstance() {
        return _instance.Value;
    }

}

public sealed class SingletonGeneric2 : SingletonGenericBase2<SingletonGeneric2> {

    private SingletonGeneric2() { }

}

复杂的泛型实现,这是线程安全的,仅提供给大家参考。

public class Program {

    public static void Main(string[] args) {
        var singleton = Singleton.GetInstance();
        singleton = Singleton.GetInstance();

        var singletonSafe = SingletonSafe.GetInstance();
        singletonSafe = SingletonSafe.GetInstance();

        var singletonSafe2 = SingletonSafe2.GetInstance();
        singletonSafe2 = SingletonSafe2.GetInstance();

        var singletonReadOnly = SingletonReadOnly.GetInstance();
        singletonReadOnly = SingletonReadOnly.GetInstance();

        var singletonLazy = SingletonLazy.GetInstance();
        singletonLazy = SingletonLazy.GetInstance();

        var singletonGeneric = SingletonGeneric.GetInstance();
        singletonGeneric = SingletonGeneric.GetInstance();

        var singletonGeneric2 = SingletonGeneric2.GetInstance();
        singletonGeneric2 = SingletonGeneric2.GetInstance();

        Console.ReadKey();
    }

}

以上是调用方的代码,每个GetInstance方法均调用2次以展示效果。以下是这个案例的输出结果:

Singleton.GetInstance()!
SingletonSafe.GetInstance()!
SingletonSafe2.GetInstance()!
SingletonReadOnly.GetInstance()!
SingletonLazy.GetInstance()!
SingletonGeneric.GetInstance()!
SingletonGeneric2.GetInstance()!

优点:

1、 单例模式会阻止其他对象实例化其自己的单例对象的副本,从而确保所有对象都访问唯一实例;
2、 因为类控制了实例化过程,所以类可以灵活更改实例化过程;

缺点:

1、 没有接口,不能继承,与单一职责原则冲突;

使用场景:

1、 需要频繁的进行创建和销毁的对象;
2、 创建对象时耗时过多或耗费资源过多,但又经常用到的对象;
3、 工具类对象;
4、 频繁访问数据库或文件的对象;